Cloud computing is the term for cloud computing in which programs run and output the results of their work in a standard web browser window on a local PC, while all the applications and their data necessary for the work are located on a remote server on the Internet.
CLOUD COMPUTING DEVELOPMENT
The concept of cloud computing originated in 1960 when John McCarthy proposed that computing would one day be done by “nationwide utility companies.”
Cloud computing may seem like a relatively new phenomenon. However, its history dates back to the early 1950s, when the advent of mainframes allowed multiple users to access a central computer. In the 1960s, some ideas similar to what we now call cloud computing emerged, such as JCR Licklider’s concept of an intergalactic computer network.
In 2007, the ideology of cloud computing became popular due to the rapid development of communication channels and the exponentially growing need, both for companies and individuals, to scale their information systems horizontally.
In the 1970s, digitization took mainframes to the next level, and in the 1990s, telcos began offering virtual private network (VPN) connectivity. The Salesforce company became the first company to offer business applications over the Internet in 1999. Several users could download these applications simultaneously in a browser at a low cost.
Later, several companies, such as Google, began to actively apply the concept of cloud computing. The most characteristic example is the Google Docs service, which allows you to work with office documents through a browser.
The cloud modern arose in 2006 when Amazon.com, which was then an online bookstore, introduced Amazon Web Services (AWS), launching the movement of cloud computing. AWS offers a wide range of services, such as computing power and storage, and to this day it remains a very strong and leading infrastructure for cloud web services platforms.
Before long, Amazon.com was joined by Nexflix, Microsoft, Google, Apple, and IBM, and the market for cloud computing grew.
Additionally, in July 2008, HP, Intel, and Altaba (formerly Yahoo) announced the creation of a global, open-source cloud computing test lab to advance research and development in cloud computing. . This lab was a globally distributed Internet testbed supporting research to develop software, improve data center management, and solve hardware problems associated with Internet computing on a much larger scale than ever before. . The initiative also sought to promote the emergence of new Internet applications and services.
Microsoft is not left out: its CEO Steve Ballmer has announced that Microsoft is launching a new operating system, codenamed Windows Cloud, that will allow developers to create and host Internet-based applications. The name Windows Cloud indicates that the new operating system will use the concept of the computing cloud at its core.
As of 2014, most of the major IT providers in the world market, including Google, Microsoft, HP, Intel, SAP, IBM, Oracle, and others, have cloud computing solutions in their line.
KEY PROPERTIES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
In The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing document, he defines the following characteristics of clouds:
- The possibility of self-service without human intervention by the provider.
- Availability of broadband access to the network.
- the concentration of resources in specific sites for an efficient allocation of them.
- Rapid scalability – Resources can be allocated and released very quickly based on needs.
- Manageable service: the cloud management system automatically controls and optimizes the allocation of resources based on measurable parameters of the service (storage size, bandwidth, number of active users, etc.).
Self-service on-demand. The consumer can access the computing resources provided unilaterally according to their needs, automatically, without having to interact with the staff of each service provider.
Wide access to the network. The provided computing resources are accessible through the network through standard mechanisms for different platforms, thin and thick clients (mobile phones, tablets, laptops, workstations, etc.).
Resource pooling (resource pooling). The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers in a multi-tenancy model. Pools include a variety of physical and virtual resources that can be dynamically allocated and reallocated according to consumer demands. The consumer does not need to know the exact location of the resources, but it is possible to specify their location at a higher level of abstraction (for example, country, region, or data center). Some examples of these types of resources are storage systems, computing power, memory, and network bandwidth.
Quick elasticity. Resources can be flexibly allocated and released, in some cases automatically, to rapidly scale based on demand. The possibilities of provision of resources for a client are considered unlimited, that is, they can be allocated in any quantity and at any time.
Measured service. Cloud systems automatically manage and optimize resources with the help of measurement instruments, implemented at the abstraction level for different types of services (for example, external memory management, processing, bandwidth, or active user sessions). The resources used are capable of being tracked and controlled, which provides transparency to both the provider and the consumer who uses the service.
